Isikhokelo semigangatho yovavanyo lokuvunyelwa komswakama kwiipadi ze-silicone hip

Kwimarike yehlabathi yanamhlanje, ii-silicone hip pads zithandwa ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okuhle kakhulu kunye neemeko zokusetyenziswa ezityebileyo. Kwiindawo ezizimeleyo ezibandakanyeka kushishino lwee-silicone hip pads, kubalulekile ukuqonda kunye nokukwazi ukuqonda imigangatho yovavanyo lokuvunyelwa komswakama kwee-silicone hip pads. Oku akunakubonelela kuphela ngoqinisekiso lomgangatho wemveliso oluthembekileyo kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa kunokuphucula ukhuphiswano lophawu kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe. Eli nqaku liza kuhlola nzulu imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yovavanyo lokuvunyelwa komswakama kwee-silicone hip pads, likunika inkqubo yolwazi ebanzi neneenkcukacha.

1. Ukubaluleka kwemigangatho yovavanyo lokuvunyelwa kokufuma
Ukufuma kwe-moisture ngomnye wemiqondiso ephambili yokulinganisa ukusebenza kwee-silicone hip pads. Ukufuma kwe-moisture elungileyo kunokuqinisekisa ukuba ulusu lomthungo lomsebenzisi lunokuhlala lomile kwaye lukhululekile ngexesha lokusetyenziswa ixesha elide, kunciphisa ukungonwabi okubangelwa kukufuma kunye neengxaki zolusu ezinokubakho. Kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abathengisa ngobuninzi, kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba ii-silicone hip pads ezithengiweyo ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho yomgangatho kunye neemfuno zomsebenzisi kwimarike ekujoliswe kuyo, kwaye imigangatho yovavanyo lokufuma kwe-moisture sisiseko esibalulekileyo sokuvavanya umgangatho wemveliso.

2. Imigangatho yovavanyo lokufumaneka komswakama eqhelekileyo
(I) imigangatho ye-ISO
ISO 22649:2016 "Izihlangu — Iindlela zokuvavanya i-insoles kunye ne-insocks — Ukufunxwa kwamanzi kunye nokuphuma kwamanzi》: Lo mgangatho uchaza iindlela zokuvavanya ukufunxwa kwamanzi kunye nokuphelelwa ngamanzi kwi-insoles yezihlangu kunye neekawusi zangaphakathi. Ngexesha lovavanyo, ukufunxwa komswakama kwi-insoles kuvavanywa ngokulinganisa ukufunxwa kwamanzi kunye nokomiswa kwe-insoles xa isetyenziswa ngokwenene. Indlela ethile kukubeka isampuli ye-silicone hip pad kwindawo enomswakama othile, kwaye emva kwexesha elithile, ulinganise utshintsho lobunzima bayo ukuze ufumane izinga lokufunxwa kwamanzi kunye nezinga lokuphuma kwamanzi. Lo mgangatho ubonelela ngendlela yesayensi neyokulinganisa uvavanyo lokufunxwa komswakama kwi-silicone hip pads, enceda ukuthelekisa umahluko wokufunxwa komswakama phakathi kweemveliso ezahlukeneyo.
I-ISO 14268:2019 "Iimpahla zemidlalo — Amalaphu ezemidlalo — Icandelo lesi-3: Ukumiselwa kweempawu zokuhambisa umswakama": Lo mgangatho usebenza kakhulu kwimpahla zemidlalo, kodwa ukwanexabiso elithile lesalathiso sovavanyo lokungena komswakama lweii-silicone hip padsIsebenzisa indlela eguquguqukayo ukuvavanya ukufuma kwamalaphu, oko kukuthi, ngokugcina ubushushu obuthile kunye neemeko zokufuma kwigumbi lovavanyo elivaliweyo, umphunga wamanzi udlula kwisampulu ye-silicone hip pad, uze ulinganise ukufuma kwamanzi kwelinye icala. Le ndlela inokulinganisa ngokwenyani inkqubo yobushushu kunye nokufuma eveliswa yimisebenzi yabantu edlula kwi-silicone hip pad xa isetyenziswa ngokwenene, ukuze kuvavanywe ngokuchanekileyo ukufuma kwawo.
(II) Umgangatho we-JIS
I-JIS L1099 B1: Lo ngumgangatho wovavanyo lokuvunyelwa komswakama osetyenziswa kakhulu kwizinto ezifana neempahla zelaphu kunye nesikhumba. Kwii-silicone hip pads, umgaqo wovavanyo kukubeka isampuli kwikomityi evunyelwa komswakama, uze ubeke ikomityi evunyelwa komswakama kwindawo eneemeko ezithile zobushushu kunye nokufuma. Ubungakanani bomphunga wamanzi odlula kwi-silicone hip pad bubalwa ngokulinganisa utshintsho lobunzima bekomityi evunyelwa komswakama ngaphakathi kwexesha elithile. Lo mgangatho ubeka izalathisi zokwamkelwa komswakama ezihambelanayo ngokwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neemfuno zokusetyenziswa, ezifana nokuvunyelwa komswakama okungaphezulu kwe-10000g/m²·24h, njl. Lo mgangatho usetyenziswe kakhulu e-Asia, ngakumbi kwiimarike zaseJapan naseTshayina, ubonelela ngendlela yovavanyo oludibeneyo kunye novavanyo lwabavelisi kunye nabathengi be-silicone hip pad.
(III) Umgangatho we-AATCC
I-AATCC 127 "Ukumelana Namanzi: Uvavanyo Loxinzelelo Olungenamanzi": Nangona lo mgangatho usetyenziswa kakhulu ukuvavanya ukumelana noxinzelelo lwamanzi kwilaphu, imigaqo kunye neendlela zovavanyo zinokubonelela ngereferensi ethile yovavanyo lokuvunyelwa komswakama kwi-silicone hip pads. Ngexesha lovavanyo, uxinzelelo oluthile lwamanzi lusetyenziswa kwisampulu ye-silicone hip pad ukujonga ukuba amanzi angadlula na kwisampulu. Oku kunokuvavanya ngokungathanga ngqo ukuvunyelwa komswakama kwi-silicone hip pad xa ijongene noxinzelelo oluthile lolwelo, ngakumbi kwiimeko ezithile zesicelo, ezinje ngonyango, imidlalo yangaphandle, njl.njl., i-silicone hip pad isenokuvezwa kulwelo, kwaye ukumelana noxinzelelo lwamanzi kunxulumene kakhulu nokuvunyelwa komswakama. Umgangatho we-AATCC 127 ubonelela ngendlela yereferensi yokuvavanya ukusebenza kwee-silicone hip pads kwezi meko.
(IV) Umgangatho we-ASTM
Iindlela zoVavanyo eziQhelekileyo ze-ASTM E96 zoThumelo lweMphunga wamanzi》: Lo mgangatho ubonelela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvavanya izinga lothumelo lomphunga wamanzi wezixhobo, kubandakanya indlela yesimo esizinzileyo kunye nendlela eguquguqukayo. Indlela yesimo esizinzileyo ilinganisa ixabiso lobungakanani bomphunga wamanzi odlula kwi-silicone hip pad xa ifikelela kwimeko ezinzileyo phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obungaguqukiyo kunye nokufuma; indlela eguquguqukayo ilandelela utshintsho lothumelo lomphunga wamanzi ngokuhamba kwexesha phantsi kweemeko zokusingqongileyo ezitshintshayo. Umgangatho we-ASTM E96 uchaza ngokweenkcukacha iimfuno zezixhobo zovavanyo, iimeko zovavanyo, ukulungiswa kwesampuli, kunye nokucutshungulwa kwedatha, ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kunye nokuthembeka kweziphumo zovavanyo. Lo mgangatho usetyenziswa kakhulu eYurophu nase-United States kuvavanyo lothumelo lomphunga wezixhobo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya iimveliso zabathengi ezifana nee-silicone hip pads, kwaye ngomnye wemigangatho esetyenziswa rhoqo ngabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe xa bevavanya umgangatho wemveliso.
(V) Umgangatho we-GB/T
GB/T 1873-2010 “Isikhumba see-upper zezihlangu”: Lo mgangatho uchaza ukufuma kwesikhumba kwii-upper zezihlangu, kwaye ezinye zeendlela zovavanyo kunye neemfuno zesalathiso zingasetyenziswa nakwii-silicone hip pads. Umzekelo, umgangatho uchaza indlela yovavanyo lokufuma kwe-water vapor, oko kukuthi, kusetyenziswa isampuli yendawo ethile, phantsi kweemeko ezithile zobushushu kunye nokufuma, ukulinganisa ubungakanani bomphunga wamanzi odlula kwisampuli ngexesha ngalinye. Ngendlela yovavanyo yale migangatho, ukufuma kwe-silicone hip pads kunokuvavanywa ngokobungakanani, ngaloo ndlela kubonelelwe ngesiseko somgangatho wee-silicone hip pads eziveliswayo nezithengiswayo apha ekhaya, kwaye kulula ukulungelelanisa nokuthelekisa nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe.

3. Inkcazo eneenkcukacha zendlela yovavanyo
(I) Indlela yokuvavanya ukufuma
Umgaqo: Phantsi kweemeko ezithile zobushushu kunye nokufuma, umphunga wamanzi uya kusasazeka ukusuka kwicala elinomswakama ophezulu ukuya kwicala elinomswakama omncinci nge-silicone hip pad. Ngokulinganisa ubunzima bomphunga wamanzi ojikeleza indawo yeyunithi ye-silicone hip pad ngexesha leyunithi, ukufuma kwawo kungafumaneka.
Izixhobo zovavanyo: Iikomityi zokufunxa umswakama, ibhalansi, amagumbi obushushu obungaguqukiyo kunye nokufuma kunye nezinye izixhobo zihlala zisetyenziswa. Ikomityi yokufunxa umswakama isetyenziselwa ukubeka isampuli ye-silicone hip pad kunye nokugcina imeko ethile yokufuma kwikomityi; ibhalansi isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo utshintsho lobunzima bekomityi yokufunxa umswakama; igumbi lobushushu obungaguqukiyo kunye nokufuma libonelela ngeemeko zobushushu ezizinzileyo kunye nokufuma kuyo yonke inkqubo yovavanyo.
Amanyathelo ovavanyo:
Sika isampuli ye-silicone hip pad ibe bukhulu obufanelekileyo, uyibeke kwikomityi yokufunxa umswakama, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba isampuli kunye nekomityi yokufunxa umswakama zivalwe kakuhle.
Beka indebe enokutyibilika equlethe isampuli kwigumbi lobushushu obungaguqukiyo kunye nomswakama, uze usete iimeko zobushushu kunye nomswakama ezifunekayo kuvavanyo, ezifana nobushushu obungama-38℃, umswakama ohambelanayo obungama-90%, njl.
Ngexesha lovavanyo, khupha indebe ekwaziyo ukutyibilika rhoqo (njengeeyure ezingama-24), linganisa ubunzima bayo ngokulinganisela, uze ubhale phantsi idatha.
Ngokwedatha yotshintsho lobunzima, bala ubungakanani bomphunga wamanzi ongena kwi-silicone hip pad ngeyunithi nganye ngexesha, oko kukuthi, ukufuma. Ngovavanyo oluninzi kunye nokubala, ukufuma okuqhelekileyo kwe-silicone hip pad kunokufunyanwa, kwaye kuthelekiswa nemigangatho efanelekileyo ukuvavanya ukuba ukufuma kwayo kuyahlangabezana neemfuno.
(II) Indlela yokuvavanya ukumelana noxinzelelo lwamanzi
Umgaqo: Faka uxinzelelo lwamanzi olunyuka kancinci kancinci kwi-silicone hip pad ukuze ubone xa amanzi eqala ukungena kwisampuli. Ubukhulu boxinzelelo lwamanzi bubonisa ukumelana nokufuma kwe-silicone hip pad xa ujongene noxinzelelo lolwelo, oko kukuthi, ukumelana nokufuma kwamanzi. Okukhona ukumelana nokufuma kwamanzi kuphezulu, kokukhona i-silicone hip pad inokuthintela amanzi ukuba angadluli ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, ngelixa ivumela ukufuma kwangaphakathi ukuba kukhutshwe, ngaloo ndlela ibe nokulinganisela okungcono kokufuma.
Izixhobo zovavanyo: Umvavanyi oyintloko osetyenziswayo ngumvavanyi woxinzelelo lwamanzi, onokulawula ngokuchanekileyo ukusetyenziswa koxinzelelo lwamanzi, kwaye unokujonga kwaye urekhode ixabiso loxinzelelo lwamanzi kunye nokuphuma kwamanzi kwisampuli ngexesha langempela.
Amanyathelo ovavanyo:
Lungisa isampuli ye-silicone hip pad kwisixhobo sokuvavanya uxinzelelo lwamanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba isampuli ithe tyaba kwaye ivalwe kakuhle.
Vula isixhobo sokuvavanya uze unyuse uxinzelelo lwamanzi kancinci kancinci ngokwezinga lokunyusa uxinzelelo lwamanzi elimiselweyo, njenge-50mmH2O ngomzuzu.
Jonga umphezulu wesampuli ye-silicone hip pad. Xa kuvela ithontsi lokuqala lamanzi, bhala phantsi ixabiso loxinzelelo lwamanzi ngeli xesha, elixabiso lokumelana noxinzelelo lwamanzi lwesampuli. Ngokuthelekisa nesalathisi sokumelana noxinzelelo lwamanzi esichazwe kumgangatho, gweba ukuba ukufuma kwe-silicone hip pad kuyafaneleka na.
(III) Uvavanyo lwendlela yokutshintshatshintsha
Umgaqo: Lingisa utshintsho oluqhubekayo kwimisebenzi yabantu kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo kwindawo yokusetyenziswa. Kwinkqubo yovavanyo evaliweyo, umphunga wamanzi uvumelekile ukuba udlule kwi-silicone hip pad phantsi kobushushu obuthile kunye ne-gradient yokufuma, kwaye utshintsho kwi-water vapor permeability ngokuhamba kwexesha lujongwa kwaye lurekhodwa rhoqo, ukuze kuvavanywe ngokupheleleyo ukufuma kwe-silicone hip pad.
Izixhobo zovavanyo: Umvavanyi wokufumana ukufuma ngendlela eguquguqukayo, oquka igumbi lovavanyo, inkqubo yokulawula ubushushu nokufuma, inkqubo yokuvelisa umphunga wamanzi, inkqubo yokufumana idatha, njl. Igumbi lovavanyo lisetyenziselwa ukubeka isampuli ye-silicone hip pad kunye nokugcina ukutywinwa okuhle; inkqubo yokulawula ubushushu nokufuma inokuyilungisa ngokuchanekileyo imeko yobushushu nokufuma kwigumbi lovavanyo; inkqubo yokuvelisa umphunga wamanzi ibonelela ngomthombo ozinzileyo womphunga wamanzi kuvavanyo; inkqubo yokufunyanwa kwedatha ijonga kwaye irekhode iiparameter ezifanelekileyo ezifana nokufuma kwamanzi ngexesha langempela.
Amanyathelo ovavanyo:
Faka isampuli ye-silicone hip pad kwigumbi lovavanyo le-dynamic method moisture permeability tester ukuqinisekisa ukuba isampuli ifakwe ngokuthe tyaba kwaye isitywino sithembekile.
Misela iimeko zovavanyo, ezifana nokuba ubushushu obukwicala elinye legumbi lovavanyo yi-35℃ kwaye umswakama ohambelanayo yi-70%, kwaye ubushushu obukwicala elinye yi-25℃ kwaye umswakama ohambelanayo yi-50%, njl.njl., ukwenza ubushushu obuthile kunye ne-gradient yomswakama ukukhuthaza umphunga wamanzi ukuba udlule kwi-silicone hip pad.
Qalisa umvavanyi ukuze uvumele umphunga wamanzi udlule kwi-silicone hip pad phantsi kweemeko zobushushu kunye nokufuma ezimiselweyo, kwaye urekhode rhoqo i-curve yokuvuleka komphunga wamanzi ngokuhamba kwexesha kwinkqubo yokufumana idatha.
Idatha efunyenwe kuvavanyo iyahlalutywa kwaye icutshungulwe ukuze kubalwe iiparameter zokusebenza kokuvunyelwa komswakama kwi-silicone hip pad phantsi kweemeko ezitshintshayo, ezifana nesantya sokuvunyelwa komswakama esiqhelekileyo, i-moisture permeability coefficient, njl.njl., kwaye ithelekiswa nemigangatho efanelekileyo okanye iimfuno zobugcisa bemveliso ukuze kuchongwe ukuba ukusebenza kwayo kokuvunyelwa komswakama kuyahlangabezana na nemigangatho.

4. Izinto Ezichaphazela Ukufumaneka Komswakama
(I) Iimpawu zezinto zeSilicone
Ulwakhiwo lwemolekyuli: Ulwakhiwo lwemolekyuli yesilicone lunempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekungeneni kwayo komswakama. Ukuguquguquka kwecandelo le-siloxane chain kulungile, okunokubonelela ngomjelo othile wokusasazwa kweemolekyuli zomphunga wamanzi. Ukuba amanye amaqela angeniswa kwizinto zesilicone okanye kwenziwa utshintsho oluthile lweekhemikhali, amandla okusebenzisana kunye nomthamo okhululekileyo phakathi kweemolekyuli zayo unokutshintshwa, ngaloo ndlela uchaphazele ukungeneni komphunga wamanzi. Umzekelo, izinto zesilicone eziqulethe amaqela e-hydrophilic zinokuphucula ukungeneni komswakama, ngelixa izinto zesilicone ezine-cross-linking eninzi zinokunciphisa ukungeneni komswakama kuba iindawo zokudibanisa ziya kuthintela ukusasazeka kweemolekyuli zomphunga wamanzi.
Ubukristali: Ubukristali bezinto zesilicone buya kuchaphazela ukufuma. Iimolekyuli ezikwindawo yekristali zilungelelaniswe kakuhle, kwaye kunzima ukuba iimolekyuli zomphunga wamanzi zingene, ngelixa indawo engeyiyo ikristali ikhululekile kwaye kulula ukwenza imijelo yokusasazwa. Ke ngoko, ii-silicone hip pads ezinekristali ephantsi zihlala zine-material engcono yokufuma. Kwinkqubo yemveliso, ngokulawula ifomyula kunye netekhnoloji yokucubungula yesilicone, ubukristali bayo bunokulungiswa ukuze kuphuculwe ukufuma.
(II) Inkqubo yemveliso
Inkqubo yokubumba: Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokubumba ziya kuchaphazela isakhiwo se-silicone hip pad, ngaloo ndlela zichaphazela ukuvuleka komswakama. Umzekelo, ngexesha lenkqubo yokubumba ngenaliti, iiparameter zenkqubo ezifana nobushushu bokubumba, uxinzelelo lokujova, kunye nexesha lokubamba ziya kuchaphazela ukuzaliswa kunye nokujongwa kweemolekyuli zezinto ze-silicone. Ukuba ubushushu bokubumba buphezulu kakhulu okanye uxinzelelo lokujova luphantsi kakhulu, ii-pores okanye iziphene zinokuvela ngaphakathi kwezinto ze-silicone. Ezi pores zinokuba yimijelo yokusasazwa ngokukhawuleza komphunga wamanzi, ngaloo ndlela ziphucula ukuvuleka komswakama; nangona kunjalo, ii-pores ezininzi kakhulu zinokunciphisa iipropati zoomatshini kunye nomgangatho wokubonakala kwemveliso. Ke ngoko, kuyimfuneko ukwenza ngcono iiparameter zenkqubo yokubumba ukuze kufunyanwe ibhalansi elungileyo phakathi kokuvuleka komswakama kunye nokusebenza okubanzi.
Inkqubo yokucubungula emva kokucubungula: Inkqubo yokucubungula emva kokucubungula i-silicone hip pad nayo inefuthe elithile ekungeneni kwayo komswakama. Umzekelo, izinga lonyango lwe-vulcanization luya kuchaphazela uxinano lwe-silicone oludibanisayo. Unyango olufanelekileyo lwe-vulcanization lunokwenza inethiwekhi edibeneyo ezinzileyo phakathi kweetyunithi ze-silicone molecular, luphucule iipropati zoomatshini kunye nokumelana nobushushu bemveliso, kodwa i-vulcanization egqithisileyo inokunyusa uxinano lwe-cross-linking kwaye inciphise uxinano lomswakama. Ukongeza, iinkqubo zonyango lomphezulu, ezinje ngokugquma kunye nokuprinta, zinokwenza umaleko womqobo kumphezulu we-silicone hip pad, zithintele ukungena komphunga wamanzi, ngaloo ndlela zinciphise uxinano lomswakama. Ke ngoko, xa kusenziwa inkqubo yokucubungula emva kokucubungula, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ngokupheleleyo impembelelo yayo ekungeneni komswakama kwaye kuthathwe amanyathelo afanelekileyo ukuze kuphuculwe.
(III) Izongezo
Izizalisi: Ukongeza izizalisi kwijeli ye-silica kunokuphucula iimpawu zayo zoomatshini, ukumelana nobushushu, ukumelana nokuguguleka, njl.njl., kodwa uhlobo kunye nobungakanani bezizalisi kuya kuchaphazela ukungena kwamanzi. Ngokubanzi, okukhona ubukhulu besuntswana yesizalisi buncinci kwaye okukhona isetyenziswa kakhulu, kokukhona uxinano lwezinto zejeli ye-silica luphezulu, kokukhona kunzima ukuba umphunga wamanzi udlule, kwaye ukungabi namanzi kuphantsi. Umzekelo, i-silica gel hip pad enomlinganiselo omkhulu we-nano-silica filler eyongeziweyo inokuba nokungena kwamanzi okuphantsi kune-silica gel hip pad engenasizalisi. Ke ngoko, xa ukhetha izizalisi, kuyimfuneko ukulinganisa isiphumo sokuphucula isizalisi ekusebenzeni kunye nempembelelo embi ekungeneni kwamanzi ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zokusebenza ezipheleleyo zemveliso.
Iiplastiki: Ukongezwa kweeplastiki kunokuphucula ukuguquguquka kunye nokuqhubekeka kwejeli ye-silica, kodwa kuya kuchaphazela nokuvuleka komswakama. Iimolekyuli zeplastiki zihlala zinezinga elithile lokuphiliza kwamanzi kwaye zinokusebenzisana neemolekyuli zomphunga wamanzi, ngaloo ndlela zitshintsha ukuvuleka komswakama wezinto zejeli ye-silica. Ubungakanani obufanelekileyo beplastiki bunokunyusa ivolumu yasimahla kunye nomgama phakathi kwe-silicone, bubonelele ngemijelo engaphezulu yokusasazwa kweemolekyuli zomphunga wamanzi, kwaye buphucule ukuvuleka komswakama; nangona kunjalo, i-plasticizer egqithisileyo inokubangela ukuba iipropati zoomatshini zezinto ze-silicone zonakale, kwaye i-plasticizer ingahamba kancinci iye kumphezulu wezinto, ichaphazela inkangeleko kunye nokuzinza kokusebenza kwemveliso. Ke ngoko, kuyimfuneko ukulawula ngokufanelekileyo uhlobo kunye nobungakanani be-plasticizer ukuze kufezekiswe ulungelelwano oluhle phakathi kokuvuleka komswakama kunye nezinye iimpawu.

5. Indlela yokukhetha umgangatho ofanelekileyo wovavanyo lokuvunyelwa kokufuma
(I) Khetha ngokwemarike ekujoliswe kuyo
Imarike yaseYurophu naseMelika: Ukuba imarike ephambili yokuthengisa ii-silicone hip pads yiYurophu naseMelika, ngoko ke imigangatho efana ne-ASTM E96 kunye ne-ISO 22649 iya kuba zezona zikhetho zifanelekileyo. Le migangatho iye yaqatshelwa kwaye yasetyenziswa kakhulu eYurophu naseMelika, kwaye ihlangabezana neenkqubo zesatifikethi somgangatho wasekhaya kunye neemfuno zomthetho. Umzekelo, eMelika, abathengi abaninzi kunye nabathengisi bafuna iimveliso ukuba ziphumelele uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwe-ASTM E96 ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukufuma kwemveliso kuhlangabezana neemfuno zabathengi kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko.
Imarike yaseAsia: Kwimarike yaseAsia, ngakumbi kwiimarike zaseJapan naseTshayina, imigangatho efana neJIS L1099 B1 kunye neGB/T 1873-2010 iyasebenza ngakumbi. Le migangatho inomgangatho ophezulu wokuthandwa nokuqatshelwa phakathi kwamashishini asekuhlaleni kunye nabathengi, kwaye inokuhlangabezana ngcono neemfuno zovavanyo lomgangatho kunye novavanyo lwemarike yasekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, eJapan, uvavanyo lokufuma kwamanzi kwimpahla kunye neemveliso zesikhumba ludla ngokwamkela umgangatho weJIS L1099 B1, ngoko ke ukuba iinkampani ze-silicone hip pad zifuna ukungena kwimarike yaseJapan, kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba iimveliso zazo ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zalo mgangatho.
(II) Ukukhetha ngokweendawo zesicelo semveliso
Intsimi yokhathalelo lwezonyango: Kwintsimi yokhathalelo lwezonyango, ii-silicone hip pads zihlala zisetyenziselwa izigulana ezilele ebhedini ixesha elide, izigulana ezisandula ukuhlinzwa, njl.njl., ukugcina ulusu lwezinqe zomguli lomile kwaye lukhululekile, kunye nokuthintela ukuvela kweengxaki zolusu ezifana nezilonda zoxinzelelo. Kolu hlobo lwemveliso, ukongeza ekuqwalaseleni imigangatho yovavanyo lokuvunyelwa komswakama ngokubanzi, kuyimfuneko kwakhona ukunaka uzinzo lokusebenza kwayo kokuvunyelwa komswakama phantsi kweemeko ezikhethekileyo ezifana nokufuma okuphezulu kunye nokusetyenziswa ixesha elide. Umzekelo, ungabhekisa kuvavanyo lwendlela eguquguqukayo kwimigangatho ye-ISO 14268 ukulinganisa utshintsho lobushushu kunye nokufuma kunye nemisebenzi yesigulana kwindawo yesibhedlele, kwaye wenze uvavanyo oluqinileyo lokuvunyelwa komswakama kwii-silicone hip pads ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuthembeka kwazo kwizicelo ezisebenzayo.
Ibala lemidlalo yangaphandle: Kwibala lemidlalo yangaphandle, ii-silicone hip pads zihlala zisetyenziswa kwizixhobo zokukhusela ezemidlalo, izihlalo zangaphandle kunye nezinye iimveliso ukubonelela ngokuhlala kamnandi kunye nokuphefumla kakuhle. Ngenxa yemeko yangaphandle eyinkimbinkimbi neguquguqukayo kunye nomahluko omkhulu kwiimeko zokufuma, kuyimfuneko ukukhetha umgangatho wovavanyo lokufuma onokulinganisa iimeko zangaphandle. Umzekelo, uvavanyo lwendlela eguquguqukayo kumgangatho we-ASTM E96 lunokulinganisa ngcono inkqubo yobushushu kunye nokufuma eveliswa yimisebenzi yabantu kwimidlalo yangaphandle edlula kwi-silicone hip pad, ngaloo ndlela ibonelela ngesiseko esichanekileyo sokuvavanya ukufuma kwemveliso. Ukongeza, ungabhekisa kwindlela yovavanyo lokuxhathisa uxinzelelo lwamanzi kumgangatho we-AATCC 127 ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-silicone hip pad isenokugcina ukufuma okuthile xa idibana nemvula, ukubila, njl.njl., ukuthintela ukuqokelelwa kwamanzi ngaphakathi ekubeni kubangele ukungakhululeki kumsebenzisi.
(III) Ukukhetha ngokusekelwe kwimeko yenkampani
Umthamo wemveliso kunye neemeko zezixhobo: Izixhobo zemveliso kunye nobuchule bokuvavanya benkampani nazo zezinye zezinto ezibalulekileyo ekukhetheni umgangatho wovavanyo lokufunxa umswakama. Ukuba inkampani inezixhobo zovavanyo lokufunxa umswakama eziphucukileyo kunye nabasebenzi abangochwephesha bokuvavanya, kwaye inokuvavanya ngokwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yamazwe ngamazwe, ngoko eminye imigangatho enovavanyo oluchanekileyo novavanyo olupheleleyo inokukhethwa, njenge-ISO 22649 kunye ne-ASTM E96. Nangona le migangatho ineemfuno eziphezulu zezixhobo zokuvavanya kunye nokusebenza, inokubonelela iinkampani ngedatha yomgangatho wemveliso echanekileyo nethembekileyo, enceda ukuphucula ukhuphiswano lwemarike lweemveliso. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iimeko zezixhobo zenkampani kunye nobuchule bokuvavanya bunqongophele, imigangatho yovavanyo elula nelula ukuyisebenzisa, efana ne-JIS L1099 B1, inokukhethwa ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nobunzima bokuvavanya ngelixa kuqinisekiswa ukuba umgangatho wemveliso uyahlangabezana neemfuno ezisisiseko.
Iimfuno zoPhando noPhuhliso kunye noBuchule: Kwiinkampani ezigxile kwi-R&D kunye noBuchule, ukukhethwa kwemigangatho yovavanyo lokuvunyelwa komswakama kufuneka kuqwalasele indima yazo ekhokelayo ekuphuculweni kwemveliso kunye noBuchule. Umzekelo, ukuba ishishini liphuhlisa uhlobo olutsha lwezinto ze-silicone hip pad ezinokuvunyelwa komswakama ophezulu, linokukhetha imigangatho ethile enokuhlalutya nzulu ubudlelwane phakathi kokuvunyelwa komswakama kwezinto kunye nesakhiwo se-molecular, inkqubo yemveliso kunye nezinye izinto, ezifana ne-ISO 14268. Ngophando olunzulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwale migangatho, amashishini anokuqonda ngcono iimpawu zokusebenza kunye nokusilela kweemveliso, anike inkxaso enamandla yobugcisa yokwenza ngcono iifomyula zemveliso kunye neenkqubo zemveliso, kwaye akhuthaze uphuhliso oluqhubekayo kunye nophuhliso lweemveliso.

6. Ukusetyenziswa kovavanyo lokufunxa ukufuma kulawulo lomgangatho
(I) Ikhonkco lokuthengwa kwezinto eziluhlaza
Uvavanyo lwababoneleli: Xa kuthengwa izinto eziluhlaza ze-silicone, amashishini anokufuna ababoneleli ukuba banike iingxelo zovavanyo lokungangeni komswakama wezinto eziluhlaza kwaye bavavanye ukungengeni komswakama wezinto eziluhlaza ngokwemigangatho yovavanyo efanelekileyo. Ngokuthelekisa idatha yovavanyo lwezinto eziluhlaza ebonelelwe ngababoneleli abahlukeneyo, khetha ababoneleli abangangeni komswakama abahlangabezana neemfuno zemveliso kwaye abamgangatho wabo uzinzile ukusebenzisana, ukuze kuqinisekiswe umgangatho wokungangeni komswakama we-silicone hip pads evela kumthombo.
Ukuhlolwa komgangatho wezinto eziluhlaza: Ngaphambi kokuba izinto eziluhlaza zibekwe kwindawo yokugcina, amashishini angenza uhlolo olungacwangciswanga kwizinto eziluhlaza ngokwemigangatho yovavanyo lokufunxa ukufuma ekhethiweyo. Ukuba uvavanyo lufumanisa ukuba ukufunxa ukufuma kwezinto eziluhlaza akuhlangabezani neemfuno, umthengisi kufuneka axelelwe kwaye axoxisane naye ngexesha ukuze kufunyanwe izisombululo, ezinje ngokubuyiselwa okanye ukulungiswa kwenkqubo yemveliso, ukuze kuthintelwe ukuveliswa okulandelayo kwee-silicone hip pads ezingafanelekiyo ngenxa yeengxaki zomgangatho wezinto eziluhlaza, nto leyo ebangela ilahleko enkulu kwezoqoqosho.
(II) Ukubeka iliso kwinkqubo yemveliso
Ukulungiswa kweeparameter zenkqubo: Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa ii-silicone hip pads, uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lokufuma olunokujonga impembelelo yotshintsho kwiiparameter zenkqubo yokuvelisa ekufumaleni komswakama kweemveliso. Umzekelo, ngexesha lenkqubo yokubumba ngenaliti, iqela leemveliso ezincinci zesampulu liveliswa ngokutshintsha iiparameter ezifana nobushushu bokubumba kunye noxinzelelo lwenaliti, kwaye uvavanyo lokufuma olunomswakama lwenziwa ngokwemigangatho yovavanyo. Iiparameter zenkqubo zilungiswa ngokweziphumo zovavanyo ukuze kufunyanwe iimeko ezifanelekileyo zemveliso ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukufuma komswakama kwemveliso kufikelela kwimeko engcono kakhulu. Kwangaxeshanye, ngokubeka esweni ngexesha langempela izalathisi zokusebenza kokufuma olunomswakama, iimeko ezingaqhelekanga ezinokwenzeka kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, ezinje ngokusilela kwezixhobo, ukuguquguquka kwezinto eziluhlaza, njl.njl., zinokufunyanwa ngexesha, kwaye amanyathelo afanelekileyo anokuthathwa ukuze alungiswe kwaye alungiswe ukuqinisekisa uzinzo kunye nokuhambelana komgangatho wemveliso.
Ulawulo lomgangatho webhetshi yemveliso: Ukuvuleka komswakama kwebhetshi nganye yemveliso yee-silicone hip pads kuvavanywa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ifayile yomgangatho wemveliso. Ngokuhlalutya ngokwezibalo idatha yokuvuleka komswakama kwiibhetshi ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso, uzinzo lulonke lwenkqubo yemveliso kunye nomlinganiselo wokusasazeka komgangatho wemveliso kunokuvavanywa. Ukuba kufunyaniswe ukuba ukuvuleka komswakama kwebhetshi yeemveliso kutshintshatshintsha kakhulu okanye akuchanekanga, iirekhodi ezifanelekileyo kwinkqubo yemveliso zinokulandelwa emva kwexesha ukuze kufunyanwe ingxaki, kwaye ibhetshi yeemveliso inokusingathwa ngokufanelekileyo, njengokuphinda kusetyenzwe, ukukrazulwa, njl.njl., ukuthintela iimveliso ezingachanekanga ukuba zingene kwimarike kwaye kugcinwe udumo oluhle kunye nomfanekiso wophawu lwenkampani.
(III) Ukuhlolwa kwemveliso egqityiweyo kunye nokuhanjiswa kwayo
Ukugqitywa komgangatho wemveliso: Emva kokuba i-silicone hip pad ivelisiwe, imveliso egqityiweyo ihlolwa ngokupheleleyo ngokuhambelana nemigangatho yovavanyo lokungena komswakama efanelekileyo. Thelekisa iziphumo zovavanyo neemfuno ezisemgangathweni wemveliso ukuze ubone ukuba imveliso iyafaneleka na. Kuphela ziimveliso ezineempawu zomgangatho ezifana nokungena komswakama ezihlangabezana neemfuno ezisemgangathweni ezinokuvunyelwa ukuba zithengiswe kumzi-mveliso ukuqinisekisa ukuba ii-silicone hip pads ezibonelelwa abathengi zinokungena komswakama okuthembekileyo kunye nentuthuzelo.
Ukulandelela nokuphucula umgangatho: Kwiimveliso ze-silicone hip pad ezithunyelweyo, ukuba izikhalazo okanye iingxaki malunga nokufuma zifunyenwe kwingxelo yemarike okanye kwinkonzo yasemva kokuthengisa, inkampani ingasebenzisa iifayile zomgangatho ezisekwe ngaphambili ukulandelela ngokukhawuleza ibhetshi yemveliso, umthombo wezinto eziluhlaza, inkqubo yemveliso kunye nolunye ulwazi lwemveliso, kunye nokwenza uhlalutyo olunzulu lwesizathu sengxaki. Ngokweziphumo zohlalutyo, qulunqa amanyathelo okuphucula ahambelanayo, anjengokuphucula uyilo lwemveliso, ukuphucula inkqubo yemveliso, ukomeleza ulawulo lomgangatho wezinto eziluhlaza, njl.njl., ukuphucula rhoqo umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zabathengi kunye nolindelo lokufuma kwee-silicone hip pads.

7. Uphuhliso lwemigangatho yovavanyo lokufumaneka komswakama kumazwe ngamazwe
(I) Iindlela zovavanyo ezikrelekrele nezizenzekelayo
Ngokuqhubeka kwenzululwazi netekhnoloji, iindlela zovavanyo lokungena komswakama ziyaphuhliswa kwicala lobukrelekrele kunye noomatshini. Izixhobo ezintsha zovavanyo lokungena komswakama zixhotyiswe ngetekhnoloji ye-sensor ephucukileyo, iinkqubo zolawulo oluzenzekelayo kunye neenkqubo zokucubungula idatha, ezinokufezekisa ukwenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwenkqubo yovavanyo, zinciphise iimpazamo zabantu kunye nokusebenza okunzima. Umzekelo, abanye abavavanyi bokungena komswakama abanamandla banokulungisa ngokuzenzekelayo iimeko zobushushu kunye nomswakama kwigumbi lovavanyo, bajonge izinga lokudluliselwa komphunga wamanzi ngexesha langempela, kwaye barekhode ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye benze iingxelo zovavanyo. Oku akuphuculi nje kuphela ukusebenza kakuhle kovavanyo kunye nokuchaneka, kodwa kunokuhlalutya ngokukhawuleza kwaye kucutshungulwe inani elikhulu ledatha yovavanyo, kubonelela ngenkxaso enamandla ngakumbi yovavanyo lomgangatho wemveliso kunye nophando kunye nophuhliso.
(II) Ulungelelaniso kunye nomanyano kunye nokwenziwa kwemigangatho ibe yeyamazwe ngamazwe
Kwimeko yokuhlanganiswa koqoqosho lwehlabathi, urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe luya lusanda, kwaye imfuneko yokulungelelanisa kunye nokudibanisa kunye nokudibanisa imigangatho yomgangatho wemveliso kwihlabathi liphela iya isiba yinto engxamisekileyo. Imibutho enegunya efana ne-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) isebenza nzima ukukhuthaza ukuhambelana kwemigangatho yovavanyo lokufuma kunye nokukhuthaza ukuqatshelwa kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwemigangatho phakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla. Umzekelo, kwinkqubo yokwenziwa, imigangatho efana ne-ISO 14268 kunye ne-ISO 22649 iqwalasele ngokupheleleyo inqanaba lobugcisa, imfuno yemarike kunye neempawu zoshishino zemimandla eyahlukeneyo kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye yazama ukwamkela imigaqo yovavanyo kunye neendlela ezifanayo ukuze zisebenze ngakumbi kwaye zifane kwihlabathi liphela. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokuqiniswa okuqhubekayo kwentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokutshintshiselana, imigangatho yovavanyo lokufuma kulindeleke ukuba ifezekise ngakumbi umanyano lwehlabathi, inciphise iindleko zorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwamashishini, kwaye iphucule ukuqatshelwa komgangatho wemveliso kwihlabathi liphela.
(III) Ukuphuculwa kunye nokwenza imigangatho yovavanyo ibe yeyakho
Ngenxa yokwanda kokwahlukahlukana kunye nokwenziwa ngokwezifiso kweemfuno zabathengi kunye nokwanda okuqhubekayo kwamacandelo okusetyenziswa kushishino, imigangatho yovavanyo lokufunxa ukufuma nayo iphuculwa kancinci kancinci kwaye yenziwe ngokwezifiso. Kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso, iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kunye namaqela ahlukeneyo abathengi, zenze imigangatho kunye neenkcukacha zovavanyo lokufunxa ukufuma ezicacileyo, ezineenkcukacha nezizezomntu ngamnye. Umzekelo, kwii-silicone hip pads zonyango, ingqwalasela engakumbi inokuhlawulwa ekuzinzeni kokufunxa kwayo ukufuma phantsi komswakama ophezulu kunye neemeko zokusetyenziswa ixesha elide kunye nokungacaphukisi kwayo ulusu; ngelixa kwii-silicone hip pads zemidlalo yangaphandle, ugxininiso luya kubekwa kwibhalansi yayo yokufunxa amanzi kunye nokufunxa ukufuma phantsi kweemeko ezinzima zendalo. Le ndlela yophuhliso ephucukileyo neyomntu ngamnye inokuhlangabezana ngcono neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zemarike kunye nabathengi, kwaye ikhuthaze ukuveliswa kwemveliso kunye nokuphuculwa komgangatho kushishino lwee-silicone hip pad.

8. Uhlalutyo lweTyala
(I) Ityala 1: Uvavanyo lokuVula amanzi kunye nokuPhuculwa koMgangatho weeSilicone Butt Pads zeNkampani eyaziwayo yeZonyango
Imvelaphi: Ii-silicone butt pads eziveliswa yile nkampani zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwicandelo lonyango, ingakumbi ukubonelela ngenkxaso ekhululekileyo kunye nokhuseleko lolusu kwizigulane ezilele ebhedini ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuba imveliso ithengisiwe, abanye abasebenzisi baxele ukuba emva kwexesha elithile lokusetyenziswa, ulusu olusezinqeni zezigulane lwaba manzi kwaye lube bomvu, nto leyo ekrokrelwa ukuba inxulumene nokuphuma kwamanzi kwee-silicone butt pads.
Inkqubo yovavanyo: Le nkampani yaqokelela abasebenzi bezobugcisa ngoko nangoko ukuze bavavanye ukungenwa kwamanzi kwee-silicone butt pads ngokwendlela eguquguqukayo kumgangatho we-ISO 14268. Ngexesha lovavanyo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukungenwa kwamanzi kwemveliso kwakungaphantsi kuneyona mfuneko incinci echazwe kumgangatho, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ukungenwa kwamanzi kwayo kwakunganelanga kwaye kwakungenakuhlangabezana neemfuno zesikhumba sesigulana sokoma nokuthuthuzela kwindawo yokhathalelo lwezonyango.
Uhlalutyo lwengxaki: Ngokuhlalutya ngakumbi inkqubo yemveliso kunye nezinto eziluhlaza, kufunyaniswe ukuba inkampani yongeze isizali esitsha kwizinto ze-silicone ukuphucula iipropati zoomatshini zemveliso, kodwa ukongezwa kwesizali kuchaphazele ulwakhiwo lweemolekyuli kunye nokuphuma kwamanzi kwe-silicone.
Amanyathelo okuphucula: Le nkampani ilungise ifomula yezinto ze-silicone, yanciphisa ubungakanani be-filler ngelixa igcina iipropati ezilungileyo zoomatshini, yaza yaphucula iiparameter zenkqubo yemveliso. Emva kokuvavanya kwakhona, ukufuma kwe-silicone hip pad ephuculweyo kwafikelela kwiimfuno zomgangatho we-ISO 14268, iingxaki ezibikwe ngabasebenzisi zasonjululwa ngempumelelo, umgangatho wemveliso waphucuka kakhulu, kwaye isabelo semarike sandiswa ngakumbi.
(II) Ityala lesi-2: Uvavanyo lokumelana noxinzelelo lwamanzi kunye nokulingana kokuvunyelwa komswakama kwe-silicone hip pad yophawu lwemveliso yangaphandle
Imvelaphi: Olu phawu luqalise isihlalo esitsha semidlalo sangaphandle, kwaye i-silicone hip pad yalo eyakhelwe ngaphakathi kufuneka ibe nomlinganiselo olungileyo wokungena kwamanzi kunye nokufuma ukuze ikwazi ukumelana neemeko zemozulu zangaphandle ezintsonkothileyo nezitshintshayo kunye neemfuno zomsebenzi zabasebenzisi. Kwinqanaba loyilo lwemveliso, inkampani kufuneka imisele izalathisi zokumelana noxinzelelo lwamanzi kunye nokufuma.i-silicone hip pad, kwaye ukhethe imigangatho yovavanyo efanelekileyo yovavanyo.
Inkqubo yovavanyo: Le nkampani ibhekisa kumgangatho we-AATCC 127 ukuvavanya ukumelana noxinzelelo lwamanzi kwi-silicone hip pad, kwaye isebenzisa indlela eguqukayo kumgangatho we-ASTM E96 ukuvavanya ukukwazi kwayo ukufuma. Emva kovavanyo oluninzi kunye nohlengahlengiso, ixabiso lokuxhathisa uxinzelelo lwamanzi kunye noluhlu lokukwazi ukufuma kwi-silicone hip pad ekugqibeleni kwamiselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba xa imveliso isetyenziswa ngaphandle, inokuthintela ngempumelelo ukufuma kwangaphandle okufana nemvula nokubila ekungeneni, kwaye inokuvumela ukufuma kwangaphakathi ukuba kukhutshwe kakuhle ukugcina intuthuzelo yomsebenzisi.
Iziphumo kunye nokusetyenziswa: Emva kovavanyo olungqongqo kunye nolawulo lomgangatho, izitulo zemidlalo zangaphandle zophawu ziye zanconywa kakhulu ngabathengi emva kokuba ziqaliswe kwimarike, kwaye ukukwazi ukungena kwamanzi nokufuma kwe-silicone hip pad yayo kube yeyona nto ithengiswa kakhulu kwimveliso. Kuphuhliso lwemveliso olulandelayo, inkampani iyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa olu seti lwemigangatho yovavanyo kunye neenkqubo zokulawula umgangatho, kwaye iqhubeka nokuqalisa iimveliso zangaphandle ezisebenza ngcono kunye nomgangatho othembekileyo, nto leyo ephucula ukukhuphisana kunye nempembelelo yophawu kwimarike.

9. Isishwankathelo
Ukufuma kwe-silicone hip pad yenye yezinto eziphambili ezichaphazela ukusebenza kwayo kunye nokukhuphisana kwimarike. Ukuqonda kunye nokukwazi ukuqonda imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yovavanyo lokufuma kubaluleke kakhulu kwizikhululo ezizimeleyo ukuze zenze ishishini le-silicone hip pad kwaye zandise iimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokuhlalutya ngokunzulu imigangatho yovavanyo lokufuma oluqhelekileyo, kubandakanya i-ISO, i-JIS, i-AATCC, i-ASTM kunye ne-GB/T, kunye neengxoxo ezineenkcukacha ngeendlela zovavanyo, izinto ezinefuthe, ukhetho oluqhelekileyo, usetyenziso lolawulo lomgangatho kunye neendlela zophuhliso lwamazwe ngamazwe, siyakwazi ukubonelela ngesikhokelo esipheleleyo nesicwangcisiweyo sokuveliswa kunye nokuthengiswa kwee-silicone hip pads. Kwinkqubo yokusebenza yokwenyani, amashishini kufuneka akhethe ngokufanelekileyo imigangatho yovavanyo lokufuma ngokweemeko zawo, iimarike ezijoliswe kuzo kunye neendawo zokusetyenziswa kwemveliso, kwaye azisebenzise kwiikhonkco ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokuthengwa kwezinto eziluhlaza, ukujonga inkqubo yemveliso, kunye nokuhlolwa kwemveliso egqityiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wemveliso uhlangabezana neemfuno zamazwe ngamazwe kwaye uhlangabezana neemfuno zabathengi, ukuze ubonakale kukhuphiswano olukhulu lwemarike yamazwe ngamazwe kwaye ufezekise uphuhliso oluzinzileyo.